In The Anti-Politics Machine, James Ferguson argues that development is assumed to be good and even a necessity. How can helping the poor be bad? However, he shows that in the name of economic progress, the West has intervened and implemented all manner of projects in "underdeveloped" parts of the globe. Ferguson argues that the result of these projects is not the lessening of suffering and poverty, but rather the expansion of bureaucratic state power and the transmutation of the political aspects of poverty into technical problems that can only be solved by development experts. In Encountering Development, Arturo Escobar maps out how the industrialized nations of North America and Europe came to be seen as appropriate models for societies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Escobar shows how the development policies are mechanisms of control and power that are as pervasive and effective as their colonial counterparts.